Note that because FRED uses levels and rounded data as published by the source, calculations of percentage changes and/or growth rates in some series may not be identical to those in the original releases.

The following formulas are used:

Change:  

Change from Year Ago: 

Percent Change:  
Percent Change from Year Ago: 

Compounded Annual Rate of Change: 

Continuously Compounded Rate of Change: 

Continuously Compounded Annual Rate of Change: 

Natural Log: 

Notes:

 is the value of series x at time period t.

'n_obs_per_yr' is the number of observations per year. The number of observations per year differs by frequency:

Daily, 260 (no values on weekends)
Annual, 1
Monthly, 12
Quarterly, 4
Biweekly, 26
Weekly,52

'ln' represents the natural logarithm.